常见类型的心脏缺陷
Jackson was born with tricuspid atresia, 右心室发育不全, atrial septal defect and a ventricular septal defect.
先天性心脏缺陷是由心脏或主要血管的异常形成引起的结构性问题. At least 18 distinct types of congenital heart defects are recognized, with many additional anatomic variations. 诊断和治疗(手术和心导管)的不断进步使治疗大多数缺陷成为可能, even those once thought to be hopeless.
的前景
If your child is born with a heart defect today, 克服这个问题的机会比以往任何时候都要大，随之而来的是充实的成年生活. 随着诊断和治疗的不断进步，治疗其他缺陷的方法也将被开发出来. 您的心脏病专家将讨论您的特殊心脏缺陷，治疗方案和预期结果.
以下常见心脏缺陷的描述和图片将帮助您了解您或您的孩子所面临的心脏问题. For more in-depth information, 使用链接将提供更深入的科学解释，也将回答一些常见的问题，如治疗方案, 持续的护理需求, and expected limitations or activity levels.
Congenital Defects - A simplified glossary
健康的心脏功能
正常的心脏有瓣膜, 以循环模式输送血液的动脉和腔室:身体-心脏-肺-心脏-身体. When all chambers and valves work correctly, the blood is pumped through the heart, 为肺部提供氧气, back the heart and out to the body for delivery of oxygen. 当瓣膜、腔室、动脉和静脉畸形时，这种循环模式就会受损. Congenital heart defects are malformations that are present at birth. They may or may not have a disruptive effect on a person's circulatory system.
Learn how the healthy heart works.
主动脉瓣狭窄(AVS)
从心脏到身体的瓣膜，不能正常打开和关闭，也可能漏血. When the blood flowing out from the heart is trapped by a poorly working valve, pressure may build up inside the heart and cause damage.
更多关于 主动脉瓣狭窄.
房间隔缺损(ASD)
A "hole" in the wall that separates the top two chambers of the heart.
这一缺陷使富氧血液流入心脏缺氧的血腔. ASD is a defect in the septum between the heart's two upper chambers (atria). The septum is a wall that separates the heart's left and right sides.
更多关于 房间隔缺损.
Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)
A narrowing of the major artery (the aorta) that carries blood to the body.
这种变窄影响血液流动，在这里动脉分支将血液沿着分开的血管输送到身体的上部和下部. CoA can cause high blood pressure or heart damage.
更多关于 Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA).
Complete Atrioventricular Canal defect (CAVC)
心脏中心的一个大洞，影响到正常情况下分开的四个腔室. When a heart is properly divided, 来自肺部的富氧血液不会与来自身体的贫氧血液混合. 中腔静脉阻塞使血液混合，使腔室和瓣膜不能正确地将血液输送到每个循环站.
更多关于 Complete Atrioventricular Canal defect (CAVC).
d-Transposition of the great arteries
一种两条主要动脉从心脏输送血液的方向相反的心脏.
A normal blood pattern carries blood in a cycle: body-heart-lungs-heart-body.
When a d-transposition occurs, 血液通路受损是因为两条动脉连接到心脏错误的腔室.
This means that the blood flow cycle is stuck in either:
- body–heart –body (without being routed 为肺部提供氧气) or
- lungs–heart–lungs (without delivering oxygen to the body)
没有手术, 在这种情况下暂时存活下来的唯一方法是让一些富氧血液进入贫氧血液，并将其输送到身体. 医院也可以给病人插管，直到可以进行矫正手术.
更多关于 d-Transposition of the great arteries.
原发异常
一种畸形的心脏瓣膜，不能正常关闭以保持血液在正确的方向流动. 血液可能从心脏右侧的下腔渗漏回上腔. 这种症状在ASD中也很常见(或者说是在心脏的两个上腔之间有一个洞)。.
更多关于 原发异常.
I-Transposition of the great arteries
A heart in which the lower section is fully reversed.
心脏的这种畸形导致正常血流模式的逆转，因为心脏的左右下腔颠倒了. 的I-transposition, 然而, 比d型转位更危险吗因为大动脉也是反向的. 这种“双重逆转”使身体仍然接受富氧血液，而肺部仍然接受贫氧血液.
更多关于 I-Transposition of the great arteries.
Patent Ductus Arteriosis (PDA)
主动脉上一个未闭合的洞.
在婴儿出生前，胎儿的血液不需要进入肺部进行充氧. 动脉导管是一个让血液跳过循环进入肺部的空洞. 然而, 当孩子出生的时候, the blood must receive oxygen in the lungs and this hole is supposed to close. 如果动脉导管仍然开放(或未闭)，血液可能会跳过这一必要的循环步骤. The open hole is called the patent ductus arteriosis.
更多关于 Patent Ductus Arteriosis (PDA)
肺动脉瓣狭窄
A thickened or fused heart valve that does not fully open. The pulmonary valve allows blood to flow out of the heart, into the pulmonary artery and then to the lungs.
更多关于 肺动脉瓣狭窄.
单心室缺损
Rare disorders affecting one lower chamber of the heart. The chamber may be smaller, underdeveloped, or missing a valve.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) — An underdeveloped left side of the heart. 主动脉和左心室太小，动脉和隔膜上的孔没有完全成熟和闭合.
Pulmonary Atresia/Intact Ventricular Septum — The pulmonary valve does not exist, 唯一接受氧气的血液是通过在发育过程中通常关闭的开口转移到肺部的血液.
三尖瓣闭锁 心脏中没有三尖瓣，所以血液不能以正常的方式从身体流入心脏. 血液没有适当地补充氧气，它不能完成正常的身体-心脏-肺-心脏-身体的循环.
更多关于 单心室缺损.
法洛四联症
A heart defect that features four problems.
它们是:
- a hole between the lower chambers of the heart
- an obstruction from the heart to the lungs
- The aorta (blood vessel) lies over over the hole in the lower chambers
- The muscle surrounding the lower right chamber becomes overly thickened
更多关于 法洛四联症.
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC)
A defect in the veins leading from the lungs to the heart.
在TAPVC中，血液不能从肺部到心脏再到身体的正常途径. 而不是, 肺部的静脉以不正常的位置连接到心脏，这个问题意味着含氧血液进入或泄漏到错误的腔室.
更多关于 Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC).
动脉干
当一个人有一条大动脉而不是两条分开的动脉将血液输送到肺部和身体时.
In a normal heart, the blood follow this cycle: body-heart-lungs-heart-body. 当一个人有动脉干时，离开心脏的血液不会沿着这条路径流动. It has only one vessel, instead of two separate ones for the lungs and body. 只有一条动脉, 在返回心脏向身体输送氧气之前，肺部没有特定的氧气通道.
更多关于 动脉干.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
VSD is a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart.
在正常发育中, the wall between the chambers closes before the fetus is born, 所以出生时, oxygen-rich blood is kept from mixing with the oxygen-poor blood. 当孔不闭合时, it may cause higher pressure in the heart or reduced oxygen to the body.
